Mai ia Mabo i le tulaga i aso nei: pule i fanua (native title)

E lauiloa le atunu'u o Ausetalia i tu ma aganu'u a ona tagata muamua. O se va'aiga lenei i le mata'upu i le pule ma aia a tagata muamua i fanua. O le a le uiga o le native title e pei ona amata mai le mata'upu na finauina e Mabo e tau i le Tulafono le Native Title Act ma mafua'aga e taua ai i tagata Ausetalia.

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Key Points

• Native title - o le aloa'ia lea i lalo o le tulafono o aia ma le pule e tagata Aboriginal ma Atumotu Torres Straits i fanua ma vai ona oa latou tu ma aganu'u na fa'aauau ai ia so'otaga.
• Native title - e mafai ai e tagata muamua ona fa'aauau ona fa'atino a latou tu ma aganu'u e pei ona masani ai.
• O le to'atele o tagata o loo nonofo ma aumau i taulaga ma ua fa'atauina o latou fale, e le a'afia ai ia meatotino i lalo o le native title.

LAPATA'IGA: O lenei ripoti e aofia ai ata ma suafa o tagata ua maliliu.

• Na fa'apefea ona amata le native title?
• O le a le uiga o le native title?
• Aisea e lavelave ai le mata'upu i native title?
• O le a le aofa'i o 'ele'ele o Ausetalia e aofia i le native title?
• Aisea e taua ai native title mo tagatanu'u Ausetalia?

O le pule fa'asino (native title), aia i fanua (land rights) ma se feagaiga (treaty), o auala ia e tolu e opogi ai ma fa'amalosia so'otaga o tagata Aboriginal ma Atumotu Torres Straits ma o latou fanua ma 'ele'ele.

O le ripoti lenei o le a fa'asaga tonu i le mata'upu i le pule fa'asino, le native title, ma auala e 'ese mai ai i aia i fanua poo land rights.

Na fa'apefea ona amata le pule fa'asino (native title)?

I le 'ova i le 200 tausaga, na va'ai ai le to'atele o tagata i le atunu'u o Ausetalia o le terra nullius, o lona uiga o “fanua lē 'ainā”, ma le aloa’ia ai le tulaga fa’aletagata o tagata Aboriginal ma Atumotu Torres Straits na aumau i’inei ae le’i taunu’u mai papalagi.

O le va’aiga lenei na suia atoa i le mata’upu a Mabo i le Fa’amasinoga – le Mabo Case.

I le 1982, o se vaega o tagata Meriam na ta’ita’ia e le ali’i o Eddie Koiki Mabo na fa’auluina se tagi i le fa’amasinoga e aloa’ia ai la latou pule fa’asino pe o lo latou fa’asinomaga motu o le Murray Islands i le Torres Strait — o ni motu laiti i Matū o Queensland.

E lata i le 10 tausaga o fa’agasolo le mata’upu lenei i le fa’amasinoga. I le 1992, na aumai ai le fa’ai’uga a le Fa’amasinoga Maualuga, le High Court of Australia, e amana’ia ai le pule fa’asino (native title) a tagata Meriam i motu o le Murray Islands. O i’ina na tapē ma soloia atoa ai le finauga i fanua lē ‘ainā, ‘terra nullius’.

I le mae’a ai o le fa’ai’uga lena, na pasia ai e le Palemene Tele le Tulafono, le Native Title Act 1993.

I le Aso 15 o Novema 1993, na saunoa ai le palemia Paul Keating i le tali a lana faigamalo i le fa’ai’uga a le High Court i le mata’upu le ua fa’aigoaina o le Mabo decision.

“The Court's decision was unquestionably just. It rejected a lie and acknowledged a truth. The lie was terra nullius – the convenient fiction that Australia had been a land of no one. The truth was native title – the fact that the land had once belonged to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and that in some places a legal right to it had survived the 200 years of European settlement.”

O le a le uiga o le pule fa'asino (native title?

O le pule fa’asino (native title) e aloa’ia ai le tumau pea o aiā tatau a Tagata Muamua i ‘ele’ele ma vai e pei ona fa’aalia ma tu’u gutu ma tu’u taliga mai ia latou tū ma aganu’u. O aiā tatau nei e le tōina mai e le faigamalo pe tu’uina mai e auala i ni feutaga’iga – e aloa’ia i lalo o tulafono ma le fa’amasinoga.

E tele ina va’ai i le pule fa’asino (native title) o se “fuifui o aiā tatau”, ona e lē tasi ae ‘ese’ese aiā tatau o loo aofia ai. E ono aofia ai le aiā e fa’aaogāina ai fanua mo le tutuli o manu, faigā faiva, ma le tausiga o nofoaga e tapu i tagata muamua.

E aloa’ia ai le pule ma le aiā tu’u fa’atasi a tagata muamua i se alaalafaga e afua mai faiā ma so’otaga ma ‘ele’ele i lalo o tū ma aganu’u, ae lē o se pule tu-ma’oti e fa’aaogāina ai fanua mo se polofiti.

Peita’i, e lē suia e le pule fa’asino (native title) isi aiā tatau i fanua, e pei o le fa’aaogāina mo fa’ato’aga, maina, poo mana’oga o pulega fa’aitūmalo. I le tele o taimi, e va’ava’alua aiā ma pule nei ma le native title. O lona uiga, e iai taimi e fa’asoa fa’atasi ai e Tagata Muamua aiā tatau i fanua ma isi tagata e pei o le ‘au fai fa’ato’aga, kamupani maina, ma pulega fa’aitūmalo.

Mo tagata Aboriginal ma atumotu Torres Straits, e lē na o fanua e tāua ai le pule fa’asino (native title) – e tāua ona o le fa’asinomaga, aganu’u ma so’otaga.

E pei ona fa’amatalaina e Professor Peter Yu, o se ali’i Yawuru:

“What native title does is provide you with the opportunity to reframe the nature of fundamental rules that govern your community and relationship. So basically, that’s in terms of my own community. What it does do, also provides a reinvigorated foundation for learning and relearning languages, and song and dance, and cultural knowledge so that were able to continue the path of building succession capabilities in our family and in in our tribal groups.”

Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating (1993).

Aisea e lavelave ai mata'upu i le native title?

E faigofie ona aloa'ia.

Ae mo le fa'avaeina o le pule fa'asino (native title), e tatau i tagata muamua o se nu'u ma alaalafaga ona aumaia molimau e fa'amaonia ai le fa'aauau o so'otaga ma se fanua - e tele ina pasi mai auga tupulaga e auala i tala tu'u ma fagogo poo nisi fa'amaumauga.

E le gata i lea, o mata'upu i le tulafono e lavelave ona e le ogatasi le tele o faiga o tulafono aganu'u a tagata muamua ma le Fa'amasinoga e pei ona silafia ai e le to'atele o tagata.

E pei ona fa'amatalaina e le tama'ita'i loia o Gwynette Govardhan:

“You're trying to fit a traditional culture into a framework, we're just trying to stuff it in and try to make it work, when really there are inherently challenges in that which creates problems, because the system itself that we're trying to fit into has not been created, the framework has not been designed for that.”

Yinhawangka Law Men Marlon Cooke (left) and David Cox ('Barndu') (right) with Gwynette Govardhan on Yinhawangka Country during a field trip to collect evidence (stories and land markings) of cultural heritage.

O le a le aofa'i o 'ele'ele o Ausetalia o loo aofia i le native title?

Talu ona pasia le Tulafono le Native Title Act, o le aofa'i o 'ele'ele ua aofia i lalo native title ua aofia ai le 40 pasene o Ausetalia, e tele lava i nu'u maotua lea o loo tumau ma malosi ai so'otaga o tagata muamua le 'ele'ele ma fanua.

E tatau ona manatua, e 'ese'ese le pule fa'asino ma le pule tu-ma'oti i se fanua.

E pei ona fa'amatalaina e Gwynette Govardhan:

“I think it's really important to know, this is very generally speaking but something like native title rights and interests are really not going to affect people on a personal level...”

Yinhawangka Country in the Pilbara region taken by Gwynette Govardhan during an on Country field trip.

Audio of Prime Minister Paul Keating’s 1993 address courtesy of the National Archives of Australia (NAA).

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