በእርግጥ ጃኑዋሪ 26 የሆነው ምንድን ነው?

People Observe Australia Day Holiday

MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA - JANUARY 26: Proud Gunai and Gunditjmara woman Meriki Onus takes part in the Invasion Day Rally on January 26, 2025 in Melbourne, Australia. Australia Day, formerly known as Foundation Day, is the official national day of Australia and is celebrated annually on January 26 to commemorate the arrival of the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788. Many Indigenous Australians refer to the day as 'Invasion Day' and there is a small but growing movement to change the date amid broader debate on the day's significance. (Photo by Darrian Traynor/Getty Images) Credit: Darrian Traynor/Getty Images

በአውስትራሊያ ታሪክ ውስጥ የከረሩ ክርክሮች ከሚካሔዱባቸው ቀናት ውስጥ አንዱ ነው። በአብዛኛው የሀገር ልደት ቀን ተብሎ ቢጠራም የይፋ የቅኝት ግዛት ምሥረታ ቀንንም ሆነ የጋራ ብልፅግናው ዕውን የሆነበትን ቀን አጣቃሽ አይደለም። ከቶውንም፤ በቅኝ ግዛት የተቀረፀ ፈርጀ ብዙ ታሪክን፣ ፖለቲካዊ ውሳኔዎችንና ያልተቋረጠ የነባር ዜጎችን መገዳደር ነፀብራቅ መሆን እንጂ። በእርግጥ ጃኑዋሪ 26 ምን እንደተከሰተ መገንዘቡ ቀኑ ስለምን በመላ ሀገሪቱ የተለያዩ ገፅታዎች እንደተላበሰ ገላጭ ይሆናል።


አንኳሮች
  • የመጀመሪያዋ መርከብ ቦታኒ ቤይ መልሕቋን የጣለችው ጃኑዋሪ 18 ቀን 1788 እንጂ ጃኑዋሪ 26 አይደለም።
  • አውስትራሊያ በይፋ የቆመችው ፌብሪዋሪ 7 ቀን 1788 ነው፤ ጃኑዋሪ 26 ሳይሆን።
  • ጃኑዋሪ 26 ለነባር ዜጎች የተቃውሞ ነጥብና እውነት ነገራ ሆኖ የዘለቀ ነው።

ይህ መጣጥፍ መነሻውን ያደረገው የ SBS ብሔራዊ የነባር ዜጎች ጉዳዮች አዘጋጅ የNITV - The Point ተባባሪ አስተናጋጅ ጆን ፖል ጃንክ የቪዲዮ ዘገባ ተመርኩዞ ነው። ጃኑዋሪ 26 እንደምን የአውስትራሊያ ቀን ለመሆን እንደበቃና ስለምን በመላ ሀገሪቱ ሰዎች ዘንድ የተለያዩ ትርጓሜዎችን ይዞ እንደቀጠለ ከምንጩ ነቅሶ አመላክቷል።

አውስትራሊያ ውስጥ በጃኑዋሪ 26 ምን ተከሰተ?

ጃኑዋሪ 26 - 1788 ካፒቴን አርተር ፊሊፕ የእንግሊዝን ሰንደቅ ዓላማ ሲድኒ ኮቭ ላይ የሰቀለበት ቀን ነው። ሀገረ እንግሊዝን ከለቀቁ ከስምንት ወራት በኋላ በእዚያች ዕለት ምሽት የሙሉ ቅልፊቱ አሥራ አንዱም መርከቦች መልሕቃቸውን ፖርት ጃክሰን ላይ ጣሉ።

ምንም እንኳ ያ ወቅት ተዘውትሮ በሀገር ምሥረታ ዕለትነት ተደርጎ ቢሰበክም፤ እንግሊዞች ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ያረፉበት ሲልም በይፋ ቅኝ ግዛት የቆመበት አይደለም።

Sydney Cove, New South Wales, Australia, 1788, (1886).
Sydney Cove, New South Wales, Australia, 1788, (1886). Sydney Cove is a bay on the southern shore of Sydney Harbour. It was the site chosen in 1788 by Captain Arthur Phillip for the establishment of the first British colony in Australia, which later became the city of Sydney. The date of the colony's founding, 26 January, is today celebrated as Australia Day. Wood engraving from 'Picturesque Atlas of Australasia, Vol I', by Andrew Garran, illustrated under the supervision of Frederic B Schell, (Picturesque Atlas Publishing Co, 1886). (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images) Credit: Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images

የመጀመሪያው ቅልፈት ያረፈው ጃኑዋሪ 26 ነውን?

አይደለም። የመጀመሪያው ቅልፈት ቦታኒ ቤይ ያረፈው ጃኑዋሪ 18 ቀን 1788 ነው። ፊሊፕ፤ የአካባቢውን ለኑሮ አመቺነት ከገመገመ በኋላ፤ መሬቱ ለም ያልሆነና በቂ ንፁህ ውኃም ያለበት ስላልሆነ ለሠፈራ አመቺ አይደልም ሲል ከድምዳሜ ላይ ደረሰ።

የቅልፈቱ ጉዞ በብርቱ ንፋስ ሳቢያ ተስተጓጉሎ ዘገየ። ይህ በእንዲህ አንዳለም፤ ጃኑዋሪ 25 በካፒቴን ዤን ፍራንቾስ ዴ ላ ፐሩዝ የሚመሩ ሁለት መርከቦች መልሕቆቻቸውን ጥለው ታዩ። በማግሥቱ ጃኑዋሪ 26 ማለዳ ላይ ፊሊፕና አንስተኛ ቡድኑ ወደ ሲድኒ ኮቭ አመሩ። መለስተኛ ሥነ ሥርዓት አካሔዱ።

አውስትራሊያ መሠረቷ በይፋ የተጣለው መቼ ነው?

የአርተር ፊሊፕ አገዛዝ የኒው ሳውዝ ዌይልስ ቅኝ ግዛትነትን በይፋ ጃኑዋሪ 7 ቀን 1788 በአዋጅ አስታወቀ።

የቅኝ ግዛቱ ወሰኖችም ከ135ኛ ሜሪዲያን አንስቶ ከአኅጉሪቷ ግማሽ አካል በላይ ወደ ምሥራቅ ተስፋፋ። ምንም እንኳ እውነታው ነባር ዜጎች ምድሪቱ ላይ ነዋሪ ሆነው ያሉ ቢሆንም፤ ወሰኖቹ የተዘረጉት የአውሮፓውያንን ውል መሠረት በማድረግ ነው።

Arthur Phillip, British naval commander, c 1789.
UNITED KINGDOM - JUNE 10: Engraving by W Sherwin after a painting by F Wheatly, of Phillip (1738-1814) who, in 1787, commanded the First Fleet carrying convicts to Australia. The day of his landing at Botany Bay, 26 January 1788, was later celebrated as Australia Day. Phillip founded a penal colony at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, and was made Governor (colonial administrator) of New South Wales. (Photo by SSPL/Getty Images) Credit: Science & Society Picture Librar/SSPL via Getty Images

አስተራረፉ በነባር ዜጎች ላይ ተፅዕኖ ያሳደረው እንደምን ነው?

የመጀመሪያው ቅልፈት ያረፈበት ሥፍራ በመላው ሲድኒ ተፋሰስ 29 ያህል የነባር ዜጎች ጎሳዎች ባለቤትነት ስር ነበር። መሬቱ ሰው አልባ አልነበረም።

ለነባር ዜጎች ሰዎች ጃኑዋሪ 26 የመሬት ነጠቃ፣ አመፅና እምቢኝ ባይነት መጀመሪያን አውሺ ነው። ተፅዕኖው ዛሬም ድረስ ሰርፆ አለ።

ጃኑዋሪ 26 የአውስትራሊያ ቀን የሆነው ስለምን ነው?

ጃኑዋሪ 26 ኒው ሳውዝ ዌይልስ ውስጥ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ በሕዝባዊ ክብረ በዓልነት በጋዜጣ የታወጀው በአገረ ገዢ ላክላን ማኳየሪ በ1818 ነው። ያኔ ይታወቅ የነበረው እንደ የመጀመሪያ መልሕቅ መጣያ ቀን ወይም የምሥረታ ቀን ነበር።

በ1888 አብዛኛዎቹ ቅኝ ግዛቶች ጃንዋሪ 26ን የምሥረታ ቀን ወይም የክብረ በዓል ቀን በማለት ማክበር ጀመሩ፤ እንዲያም ሆኖ ግና ቅኝ ግዛቶቹ በተናጠል የየራሳቸው የሆኑ የምሥረታ ቀኖች የሚሏቸው ነበሯቸው።

በአሥራ ዘጠነኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ማብቂያ ግድም፤ የአውስትራሊያ ሀገር በቀሎች ማኅበር ጃኑዋሪ 26 ብሔራዊ ክብረ በዓል እንዲሆን ብርቱ ጎትጓች ሆነ። ማኅበሩ ፌዴሬሽንን አስተዋወቀ፤ ግና አባልነትን ለነጭ አውስትራሊያ ተወላጅ ወንዶች ብቻ የተገደበ አደረገ።

የአውስትራሊያ ቀን ፌዴሬሽንን አውሺ ነው?

አይደለም። የአውስትራሊያ የጋራ ብልፅግና ዕውን የሆነው በዕለተ አዲስ ዓመት 1901 ሲሆን፤ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ የፌዴራል ፓርላማ የተሰየመው ሜይ 9 ቀን 1901 ነው።

ጃኑዋሪ 26 አንዳቸውንም ኩነቶች አውሺ አይደለም። አውሺነቱ የ1788ቱን የሲድኒ ኮቭ አስተራርፍን እንጂ።

የአውስትራሊያ ቀን ስያሜን መጠቀም የተጀመረው መቼ ነው?

ብሔራዊ የአውስትራሊያ ቀን ዕሳቤ ብቅ ያለው ለመጀመሪያው የዓለም ጦርነት ገንዘብ የማሰባሰቢያ ጥረት አካል በመሆን ነው። ለበርካታ ዓመታትም ኩነቶቹ የተካሔዱት ጁላይ ላይ ሳይሆን ጃኑዋሪ ላይ ነበር።

በ1918 የተወሰኑ ድርጅቶች ጃኑዋሪ 26ን የአውስትራሊያ ቀን በማለት መጥራት ጀመሩ። በ1930 የአውስትራሊያ ሀገር በቀሎች ማኅበር ለስያሜው በይፋ ይሁንታን ቸረ። በ1935 በርካታዎቹ ክፍለ ሃገራት የስያሜውን ፈለግ ተከተሉ። ኒው ሳውዝ ዌይልስ ግና ለበርካታ ዓመታት የክብረ በዓል ቀን በሚል መጥራቱን ቀጠለ።

ጃኑዋሪ 26 ለነባር ዜጎች የሐዘን ቀን የሆነው ስለምን ነው?

በ1935 መልሕቅ የተጣለበት 150ኛው መታሰቢያ ዕለት፤ የነባር ዜጎች መሪዎች የሐዘን ቀን አደራጁ። ኢፍትሐዊነት፣ አግላይነትና መሬት ነጠቃ ትኩረት እንዲያገኝ ጥሪ የተካሔደበት አንዱ ቀዳሚው ብሔራዊ የአቦርጂናል ሲቪል መብቶች ተቃውሞ ወቅት ነበር።

ከዚያን ጊዜ አንስቶም፤ ጃኑዋሪ 26 ለአያሌ የነባር ዜጎች ማኅበረሰባት ብርቱ የተቃውሞ፣ ዝክርና ተገዳዳሪነት ቀን ሆኖ አለ።

ጃኑዋሪ 26 መቼ ነው ብሔራዊ ሕዝባዊ ክብረ በዓል ቀን የሆነው?

ሕዝባዊ የክብረ በዓል ቀንነቱ አደላደል ለአሠርት ዓመታት ያህል በክፍለ ሃገራት መካክል የተለያየ ነበር። የተወሰኑቱ በዕለትቱ ጃኑዋሪ 26ን ሲያከብሩ፤ ሌሎች የሕዝባዊ በዓል ቀንነቱን በቀጣዩ ሰኞ ያደርጉ ነበር።

ከ1988 ሁለተኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ላይ ሁሉም ክፍለ ሃገራት ቀስ በቀስ የሕዝባዊ በዓል ቀኑን አንድ ላይ ማድረግ ጀመሩ። በ1994 ጃኑዋሪ 26 ወጥ ብሔራዊ ሕዝባዊ የክብረ በዓል ለመሆን በቃ።

Australia Day Live 2024
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA - JANUARY 26: A general view is seen during Australia Day Live 2024 at the Sydney Opera House on January 26, 2024 in Sydney, Australia. (Photo by Don Arnold/WireImage) Credit: Don Arnold/WireImage

ጃኑዋሪ 26 አሁንም ድረስ ፋይዳ ያለው ስለምን ነው?

ጃኑዋሪ 26 ዘርፈ ብዙ ትርጓሜዎችን ይዞ አለ። ለተወሰኑቱ፤ ብሔራዊ ማንነትንና ክብረ በዓልን ይወክላል። ለበርካታ ነባር ዜጎች የወረራ፣ ዕጦትና እምቢኝ ባይነት ተምሳሌነትን ይዟል።

በመላ አውስትራሊያ ውይይቶቹ ቀጥለው ሳለ፤ የዕለቱን ሙሉዕ ታሪክ መገንዘቡ ለእውነት ነገራና ይበልጥ ግንዛቤን የጨበጠና አካታች መፃኢ ጊዜን ለመገንባት ማዕከል ነው።

ይህ የአውስትራሊያ ስትገለጥ ታሪክ የተዘጋጀው ከNITV ጋር በመተባበር ነው። ኦዲዮ ከጆን ፖል ጃንክ የNITV አስረጅ ቪዲዮ ቅንጭብ ነው።

spk_0

SBS acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of Country and their connections and continuous care for the skies, lands and waterways across Australia.

spk_1

You're listening to Australia Explained, an SBS audio podcast helping you navigate life in Australia.

spk_2

January 26th, known as Australia Day, is marked as a public holiday across Australia, but its history is far from straightforward. For some people, it's seen as the date the First Fleet arrived in Sydney in 1788. For many others, including First Nations peoples, it represents the beginning of profound loss,

spk_2

disruption and resistance. Many Australians still assume the First Fleet landed at Sydney Cove on the 26th of January 1788. But the fact is they first reached Botany Bay on the 18th of January.

spk_3

The First Fleet had landed on the lands of some 29 clan groups whose country stretched across the entire Sydney Basin.

spk_2

This is Australia Explained, and I'm your host, Maram Ismail. In this episode, you will learn the history behind January twenty-sixth, why it became a public holiday in Australia, and why it is understood and experienced so differently across the country.

spk_2

You're about to embark on a historical journey guided by John-Paul Janke, the National Indigenous Affairs editor at the SBS and co-host of The Point on NITV. He traces how the 26th of January became the date officially observed as Australia Day and why its meaning continues to shift and spark debate across the country.

spk_2

So, where and how did it all start?

spk_3

Many see January 26th as a day that commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney in 1788 and the beginnings of a nation.

spk_3

But did you know that the First Fleet, a group of 11 ships, had actually started arriving in Botany Bay eight days earlier on January 18, 1788. Captain Arthur Phillip found Botany Bay unsuitable to establish the new colony.

spk_2

Later, Phillip and his party returned to Botany Bay on the evening of January 23rd.

spk_2

And gave instructions for the entire fleet to set sail for Port Jackson immediately.

spk_3

Strong headwinds kept the fleet trapped in Botany Bay, and the next day the crews were shocked to see two strange ships appear outside Botany Bay. They were French ships under the command of Captain La Perouse. On Jan 25th, the weather forced

spk_3

all but one of the ships to again abandon their efforts. The ship that succeeded was the supply. Early on the morning of the twenty-sixth, Phillip and his party rowed ashore. The Union Jack was planted, a little ceremony took place with only a few dozen marines, officers and oarsmen, while the convicts witnessed it from the deck of the supply.

spk_2

By evening, the entire fleet had anchored in and around Sydney Cove more than 8 months after leaving England.

spk_2

So, was this the formal start to the colony?

spk_3

Well, no, it wouldn't be until February 7th that the new colony is formally founded, and Arthur Phillips' governorship is formally proclaimed. The colony included all of Australia eastward from the meridian of 135 degrees east.

spk_3

This included more than half the mainland of Australia and reflected the line of division between the claims of Spain and Portugal that was established in the Treaty of Tortoscila in 1494.

spk_2

And of course, as Australia has now come to formally recognise, the land was not vacant.

spk_3

The First Fleet had landed on the lands of some 29 clan groups, whose country stretched across the entire Sydney Basin. The 26th of January was first gazetted as a public holiday for the colony of New South Wales by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1818, when it was referred to as First Landing Day or Foundation Day.

spk_2

The other colonies

spk_2

had different founding day holidays. By 1888, January 20th was celebrated in most colonies as Foundation Day or Anniversary Day.

spk_3

During the latter part of the 19th century, a group called the Australian Natives Association became a strong lobby group for federation and for celebrating a national holiday on

spk_3

January 26th, the Australian Natives Association was founded by and for the benefit of white native born Australians.

spk_2

And membership was restricted to that group. Many people assume Australia Day marks the creation of the Commonwealth, but that's not the case.

spk_3

What the people celebrate on Australia Day is not the coming into being of the

spk_3

Australian Commonwealth that happened on New Year's Day 1901, and it's not the first sitting of the Parliament of the Commonwealth. That was May 9th, 1901.

spk_2

Instead, the date marks the 1788 landing of Captain Arthur Phillips. Officials, Marines, and transported convicts from England landed on the shores of Sydney Cove.

spk_2

So, when did the name we know today emerge?

spk_3

It was actually during the First World War that the concept of a national Australia Day came about, and initially it was part of a fundraising plan for the war effort.

spk_2

However, events were held in

spk_2

July for several years. By 1918, some branches of the Australian Natives Association were referring to January 20th as Australia Day, while others still preferred Foundation Day or Anniversary Day.

spk_3

In March 1930, the ANA annual conference resolved to name the day Australia Day, and by 1935, most Australian states were recognising January 26th as Australia Day, except for New South Wales, which still referred to the date as

spk_3

Anniversary day.

spk_2

But the story of the date is not just about celebration - it's also about resistance. Three years later, in 1938, on the 150th anniversary of the landing, First Nations leaders organised a day of mourning.

spk_2

This was one of the earliest national Aboriginal civil rights protests. It was actually much later, in 1994, when the public holiday eventually became nationally aligned.

spk_3

Some states had a public holiday on the 26th of January, while others used the first Monday following in 1988,

spk_3

the states all marked the bicentennial of Arthur Phillips Landing as a public holiday, gazetting of the 26th of January as the Australia Day public holiday finally became uniform in 1994.

spk_2

The history of the 26th of January is long, complicated, and deeply felt. It's a date that represents celebration for some and mourning, protest, and survival for many First Nations peoples. As conversations continue across the country, understanding the history behind this date is part of a growing movement toward truth-telling.

spk_2

This Australia explained episode was produced in collaboration with NITV. The audio from John-Paul Janke is extracted from a video explainer produced by NITV.

spk_1

This was an SBS audio podcast. For more Australia explained stories, visit sbs.com.au/Australiaexplained.

spk_2

Subscribe or follow the Australia Explained podcast for more valuable information and tips about settling into your new life in Australia. Do you have any questions or topic ideas? Send us an email to australiaexplained@sbs.com.au.

END OF TRANSCRIPT

Share
Follow SBS Amharic

Download our apps
SBS Audio
SBS On Demand

Listen to our podcasts
Independent news and stories connecting you to life in Australia and Amharic-speaking Australians.
Ease into the English language and Australian culture. We make learning English convenient, fun and practical.
Get the latest with our exclusive in-language podcasts on your favourite podcast apps.

Watch on SBS
SBS World News

SBS World News

Take a global view with Australia's most comprehensive world news service